H e r i t a g e  Of  S o u t h  A m e r i c a

» UNESCO has recognized several of the towns of this type, such as Guanajuato or Zacatecas ( Mexico ) or Potosí ( Bolivia ), these are intermediate towns that have experienced historically a strong continuity for reasons that lie outside their cyclical economic phases. Other mining communities such as Zaruma ( Ecuador ) and Taxco ( Mexico ) might be worthy of recognition. Other examples, such as Ouro Preto in Minas Gerais ( Brazil ), represent smaller towns that relate better to a system of towns integrated by a regional production process and which developed in the same historical period. They are all characterized by a lack of religious houses and by a wealth of parish churches or guilds that typify the mining boom of the 18th and early 19th centuries.

» Although many of the main architectural monuments (Havana, Cartagena de Indias, San Juan de Puerto Rico, Portobelo, etc) are already on the World Heritage List, there is no doubt that they should be visited and understood as forming part of a vast offensive/defensive system which involves not only the great urban fortifications but also places on the coasts and islands, whether under Spanish, English, French, Dutch, or Danish rule.

» The Inca - Chan Chan was surpassed only by the colossal achievements of the Inca , who conquered the Chimu in the latter part of the 15th cent. As engineers the Inca were unsurpassed in ancient America . Their agricultural terraces are still in use, and the extensive network of roads and bridges that spanned their empire would merit the envy of modern road builders. However, their cities and fortresses remain their towering achievement. The great cities of Cuzco and Machu Picchu and the imposing fortresses of Sacsahuamán and Ollantaytambo are typical examples of their skill. The Inca also excelled at stone carving and metalwork, achieving in this latter art a degree of perfection comparable to that reached anywhere in the world. Their civilization fell to the Spanish invaders in 1538.